How to override form/register.phtml template in Magento 2?

You can override register.phtml file using layout XML way or directly add template file to theme level by theme module.

register.phtml file used to display a Customer registration form in frontend.

Block name is customer_form_register which contains the register.phtml template.

you can see registration form by URL, <SITE_URL>/customer/account/create

Magento Opensource Template Location:
In Opensource, register.phtml file coming from Magento_Customer module.

Magento Commerce|Cloud Template Location:
In Commerce/Cloud Version, register.phtml file coming from Magento_CustomerCustomAttributes module.

You can override using Layout XML inside a module by <referenceBlock> node inside your customer_account_create.xml file.

Create a XML file, app/code/<Rbj/Modulename>/view/frontend/layout/customer_account_create.xml
In above path, <Rbj/Modulename> replace with your Package/Modulename.

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!--
/**
 * @author  Rakesh Jesadiya
 * @package Rbj_Modulename
 */
-->
<page xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" layout="1column"
      xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="urn:magento:framework:View/Layout/etc/page_configuration.xsd">
    <body>
        <referenceBlock name="customer_form_register">
            <action method="setTemplate">
                <argument name="template" xsi:type="string">Rbj_Modulename::form/register.phtml</argument>
            </action>
        </referenceBlock>
    </body>
</page>

Create a template file at location,
app/code/<Rbj/Modulename>/frontend/templates/form/register.phtml

Clear a cache and check your registration page.