You can override cart/item/renderer/actions/edit.phtml file using layout XML way or directly add template file to the theme level under Magento_Checkout theme module.
- Theme level Override,
app/design/frontend/<ThemePackage>/themename/Magento_Checkout/templates/cart/item/renderer/actions/edit.phtml
edit.phtml file used to display edit link for every cart item within the last column in cart table.