You can retrieve the option type by option id of the bundle product Magento 2. There is four option type available for the bundle product like Checkbox, radio, drop-down and Multiple select.
You can check the given option type by its id using programmatically from the catalog_product_bundle_option table. A table used to store option id, type, parent_id, required and position field.
You should not use Collection in Magento 2 anymore.
Recommended approach is to use Repositories.